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HOUSES
People construct houses as dwelling-spaces for human habitatn. Such dwellings generally feature enclosing walls, a roof and one or more floors. This overall structure provides shelter against precipitation, wind, heat, cold and intruders. Animals may often live inside a house as well, both domestic pets and "unwanted" animals (such as mice living in the walls). The word "house" may also apply to a building provided to shelter animals, especially within a zoo.
The house often provides a permanent residence for a family or for a similar social unit. When occupying a house routinely as a dwelling, English-speaking people may call this building their "home". People may leave their house most of the day for work and recreation, but typically return 'home", to their house, at least for sleeping.
A house generally has at least one entrance, usually in the form of a door or a portal - but some early houses, such as those at Çatalhöyük, used roofs and ladders for access. Many houses have back doors that open into what some English-speakers call the backyard and other the back garden. Houses may have any number of windows to let in natural sunlight and provide a view to the outside.
Word use
In English, the word "house" usually refers to a dwelling for a single family, or for more than one family sharing the house (compare: household). In other languages, the translation of "house" often covers other types of buildings, such as high-rise tower-blocks or commercial property. In German, for example, the word "Haus" can also refer to a hotel or to a block of "flats" (UK) or to an "apartment" building (US).
English-speakers can use the word "house" in combination with other words in English to describe buildings with a specific use, such as an opera house; and to refer to commercial premises: "printing house", "house advantage" in a casino, "house wine" in a restaurant or "house lights" over the audience in a theatre.
Humans have long treated and named favoured shrines or temples as a "house of God", and religious buildings have inherited the role as a "house of prayer". The term "madhouse" refers disparagingly to a mental hospital or insane asylum. For more examples, see: House (disambiguation).
As a verb, to house (pronounced [hæuz]) means "to provide a routine locale for an object, a person or an organisation". Museums, for example, can house historic or artistic artefacts. A storefront may house a business or an organisation; or an entity (a local authority, for example) may house a family in an apartment or house. City planners often refer to a collection of domiciles (either for persons, for organisations, for animals or for objects) as housing. An individual person or a single object might also find housing in an appropriate domicile.
The two words "house" and "home" have distinctly different meanings and connotations. "House" refers to the physical object, "home" has a more abstract and poetic connotation as the centre of family life. Enlisted men during World War II used the phrase "A house is not a home" — in part to justify infidelity during war-time. On the other hand, a stately home classifies as a house.
Types of house
Structure
The developed world in general features three basic house types:
* Single-family homes - detached and often standing on their own parcel of land
* Semi-detached houses - attached to one or more houses
* Terrace (architecture) (UK) or row-house (USA) - attached to other houses, possibly in a row (separated by a party wall)
In the United Kingdom, 27% of the population lived in terraced houses and 32% in semi-detached houses, as of 2002. In the United States in 2000, 61.4% of people lived in detached houses and 5.6% in semi-detached houses, the rest in row-houses or apartments, except for 7% living in mobile homes.
People build "face houses" in one or more faces; though they occur most commonly as a fort or playhouse for children, this design sometimes serves as a house for adults.
Shape
Archaeologists have a particular interest in house shape: they see the transition over time from round huts to rectangular houses as a significant advance in optimising the use of space, and associate it with the growth of the idea of a personal area.
Function
Some houses transcend the basic functionality of providing "a roof over one's head" or of serving a a family "hearth and home". When a house becomes a display-case for wealth and/or fashion and/or conspicuous consumption, we may speak of a "great house". The residence of a feudal lord or of a ruler may require defensive structures and thus turn into a fort or a castle. The house of a monarch may come to house courtiers and officers as well as the royal family: this sort of house may become a palace. And in time the lord or monarch may wish to retreat to a more personal or simple space such as a villa, a hunting lodge or a dacha. Compare the popularity of the holiday house or cottage, also known as a crib.
In contrast to a relatively upper-class or modern trend to multiple houses, much of human history shows the importance of multi-purpose houses. Thus the house long served as the traditional place of work (the original cottage industry site or "in-house" small-scale manufacturing workshop) or of commerce (featuring, for example, a ground-floor "ship-front" shop or counter or office, with living-space above). It took an Industrial Revolution to separate manufacturing and banking from the house; and to this day some shopkeepers continue (or have returned) to live "over the shop".
Inside the house
Parts
Enlarge picture
Floor plan of a typical "foursquare" house
Many houses have several rooms with specialised functions. These may include a living/eating area, a sleeping area, and (if suitable facilities and services exist) washing and lavatory areas. In traditional agrarian societies, domestic animals such as chickens or larger livestock often share part of the house with human beings. In the West, with ready access to plumbing and a fairly high standard of living, each house will at least contain a bedroom, bathroom, kitchen (or kitchen area), and a living room. A typical "foursquare house" (as pictured) occurred commonly in the early history of the United States of America, with a staircase in the centre of the house, surrounded by four rooms, and connected to other sections of the house (including in more recent eras a garage).
Other parts of a house may include:
* atrium
* games room
* alcove
* cellar
* conservatory
* den
* family room
* front room
* guest room
* hearth - often an important symbolic focus of family togetherness
* larder
* libraries
* lounge
* pantry
* rumpus room
* shrines to serve the religious functions associated with a family
* sitting room
* study
See also: room.
Layout
Ideally, architects and/or builders of houses design rooms to meet the needs of the people who will live in the house. Such designing, known as "interior design", has become a popular subject in universities. Feng shui, originally a Chinese method of situating houses according to such factors as sunlight and micro-climates, has recently expanded its scope to address the design of interior spaces with a view to promoting harmonious effects on the people living inside the house. Compare the real-estate sales concept of "indoor-outdoor flow".
The square footage of a house in the United States reports the area of "living space", excluding the garage and other non-living spaces. The "square meters" figure of a house in Europe reports the area of the walls enclosing the home, and thus includes any attached garage and non-living spaces[citations needed].
Construction
Modern house-construction techniques include light-frame construction (in areas with access to supplies of wood) and adobe or sometimes rammed-earth construction (in arid regions with scarce wood-resources). Some areas use brick almost exclusively, and quarried stone has long provided walling. Increasingly popular alternative construction materials include insulating concrete forms (foam forms filled with concrete), structural insulated panels (foam panels faced with oriented strand board or fibre cement), and light-gauge steel framing and heavy-gauge steel framing.
More generally, people often build houses out of the nearest available material, and often tradition and/or culture govern construction-materials, so whole towns, areas, counties or even states/countries may be built out of one main type of material. For example, a large fraction of American houses use wood, while most British and many European houses utilise stone or brick.
Some home designers have begun to collaborate with structural engineers who use computers and finite element analysis to design prefabricated steel-framed homes with known resistance to high wind-loads and seismic forces. These newer products provide labour savings, more consistent quality, and possibly accelerated construction processes.
Lesser-used construction methods have gained (or regained) popularity in recent years. Though not in wide use, these methods frequently appeal to homeowners who may become actively involved in the construction process. They include:
A book is a collection of sheets of paper, parchment or other material with a piece of text written on them, bound together along one edge within covers. Each side of a sheet is called a page and a single sheet within a book may be called a leaf. A book is also a literary work or a main division of such a work. A book produced in electronic format is known as an e-book.
In library and information science, a book is called a monograph to distinguish it from serial publications such as magazines, journals or newspapers.
Publishers may produce low-cost, pre-proof editions known as galleys or 'bound proofs' for promotional purposes, such as generating reviews in advance of publication. Galleys are usually made as cheaply as possible, since they are not intended for sale.
A lover of books is usually referred to as a bibliophile, a bibliophilist, or a philobiblist, or, more informally, a bookworm.
A book may be studied by students in the form of a book report. It may also be covered by a professional writer as a book review to introduce a new book. Some belong to a book club.
History of books
Antiquity
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Woman holding a book (or wax tablets) in the form of the codex. Wall painting from Pompeii, before 79 AD.
Enlarge picture
Old books at the Merton College Library at Oxford.
The oral account (word of mouth, tradition, hearsay) is the oldest carrier of messages and stories. When writing systems were invented in ancient civilizations, nearly everything that could be written upon—stone, clay, tree bark, metal sheets—was used for writing.
Scroll
In Ancient Egypt, papyrus (a form of paper made from the stems of the papyrus plant) was already used for writing as from 2400 BC. Papyrus sheets were glued together to form a scroll. This custom gained widespread popularity in the Hellenistic and Roman world, although we have evidence that tree bark (Latin liber, from there also library) was used from earlier times in Italy. But during most of the classical period papyrus was nearly synonymous with writing material and so the words 'paper' and 'Bible' both come from Greek words meaning papyrus.
In schools, in accounting and for taking notes wax tablets were the normal writing material. Wax tablets had the advantage of being reusable: the wax could be melted and a new text carved into the wax. The custom of binding several wax tablets together is a possible precursor for modern books.
Codex
Papyrus scrolls were still dominant when codices appeared in the first century A.D., as witnessed by the findings in Pompeii. Gradually the codex became more and more used; the first written mention of the codex as a form of book is from the end of the first century by Martial in his Apophoreta CLXXXIV, where he praises its compactness. In the pagan Hellenistic world however, the codex never gained much popularity and only within the Christian community was it popularized and gained widespread use. The idea of a codex is probably influenced by the way several wax tablets were joined together, as does the etymology of the word codex (block of wood) suggest. At first used mainly for accounting, the codex together with the development of parchment slowly phased out papyrus scrolls during the third century A.D.. This happened already in the Christian environment and the reasons for adopting the codex form of the book are several: the codex format is more economical as both sides of the writing material can be used, it is easy to conceal, portable and searchable. It is also possible that the Christian authors distinguished their writings on purpose from the pagan texts which were written normally in the form of scrolls.
Middle Ages
Manuscripts
The fall of the Roman Empire in the fifth century A.D. saw the decline of the culture of ancient Rome. In Western Roman Empire mainly monasteries carried on the latin writing tradition, because first Cassiodorus in the monastery of Vivarium and later St. Benedict of Nursia, in the sixth century stressed the importance of copying texts. This greatly influenced the importance of books through the Middle Ages, and is why the clergy were the predominant readers of books.
Before the invention and adoption of the printing press, almost all books were copied by hand, which made books comparatively expensive and rare. There were four types of scribes:
1. Copyists, who dealt with basic production and correspondence
2. Calligraphers, who dealt in fine book production
3. Correctors, who collated and compared a finished book with the manuscript from which it had been produced
4. Rubricators, who painted in the red letters; and Illuminators, who painted illustrations
Irish monks introduced spacing between words in the seventh century. This facilitated reading, as these monks tended to be less familiar with Latin. However the use of spaces between words did not become commonplace before 12th century. It has been argued[1], that the use of spacing between words shows the transition from semi-vocalized reading into silent reading.
The first books used parchment or vellum (calf skin) for the pages. The book covers were made of wood and covered with leather. As dried parchment tends to assume the form before processing, the books were fitted with clasps or straps. During later Middle Ages, when public libraries appeared, books were often chained to a bookshelf or a desk to prevent theft. The so called libri catenati were used up to 18th century.
At first books were copied mostly in monasteries, one at a time. With the rise of universities in the 13th century, the demand for books increased and a new system for copying books appeared. The books were divided into unbound leaves (pecia), which were lent out to different copyists, so the book production speed was considerably increased. The system was maintained by stationers guilds, which were secular, and produced both religious and non-religious material.
Block printing and incunables
Enlarge picture
A 15th century incunable. Notice the blind-tooled cover, corner bosses and clasps for holding the book shut.
In the early 14th century, block printing arrived in Western Europe (the technique had been developed in the East centuries earlier). In block printing, a relief image of an entire page was carved out of blocks of wood. It could then be inked and used to reproduce many copies of that page. Books, as well as playing cards and religious pictures, began to be produced by block printing. Creating an entire book, however, was a painstaking process, requiring a hand-carved block for each page. Also, the wood blocks were not durable and could easily wear out or crack.
The oldest dated book printed with this method is The Diamond Sutra. There is a wood block printed copy in the British Library which, although not the earliest example of block printing, is the earliest example which bears an actual date. It was found in 1907 by the archaeologist Sir Marc Aurel Stein in a walled-up cave near Dunhuang, in northwest China. The colophon, at the inner end, reads: Reverently [caused to be] made for universal free distribution by Wang Jie on behalf of his two parents on the 13th of the 4th moon of the 9th year of Xiantong [i.e. 11th May, CE 868 ].
The Chinese inventor Pi Sheng made movable type of earthenware circa 1045, but we have no surviving examples of his printing. He embedded the characters, face up, in a shallow tray lined with warm wax. He laid a board across them and pressed it down until all the characters were at exactly the same level. When the wax cooled he used his letter tray to print whole pages.
It was not until Johann Gutenberg popularized the printing press with metal movable type in the 15th century that books started to be comparatively affordable (although still quite expensive for most people) and more widely available. Note: Chwe Yun-ui invented the world's first metal movable type printing in 1234AD during Goryo Dynasty in Korea. This upset the status quo, leading to remarks such as "The printing press will allow books to get into the hands of people who have no business reading books." It is estimated that in Europe about 1,000 various books were created per year before the development of the printing press.
Paper
Though papermaking in Europe begun around 11th century, up until the beginning of 16th century vellum and paper were produced congruent to one another, vellum being the more expensive and durable option. Printers or publishers would often issue the same publication on both materials, to cater to more than one market. As quite many of medieval inventions, the paper was first made in China, as early as 200 B.C., and reached Europe through muslim territories. At first made of rags, the industrial revolution changed paper-making practices, allowing for paper to be made out of wood pulp.
Modern world
With the rise of printing in the fifteenth century, books were published in limited numbers and were quite valuable. The need to protect these precious commodities was evident. One of the earliest references to the use of bookmarks was in 1584 when the Queen's Printer, Christopher Barker, presented Queen Elizabeth I with a fringed silk bookmark. Common bookmarks in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were narrow silk ribbons bound into the book at the top of the spine and extended below the lower edge of the page. The first detachable bookmarks began appearing in the 1850's and were made from silk or embroidered fabrics. Not until the 1880's, did paper and other materials become more common.
Steam-powered printing presses became popular in the early 1800s. These machines could print 1,100 sheets per hour, but workers could only set 2,000 letters per hour.
Monotype and linotype presses were introduced in the late 19th century. They could set more than 6,000 letters per hour and an entire line of type at once.
The centuries after the 15th century were thus spent on improving both the printing press and the conditions for freedom of the press through the gradual relaxation of restrictive censorship laws. See also intellectual property, public domain, copyright. In mid-20th century, Europe book production had risen to over 200,000 titles per year.
Structure of books
Book design
Depending on a book's purpose or type (e.g. Encyclopedia, Dictionary, Textbook, Monograph), its structure varies, but some common structural parts of a book usually are:
1. Book cover (hard or soft, shows title and author of book, sometimes with illustration)
2. Title page (shows title and author, often with small illustration or icon)
3. Metrics page
4. Dedication (may or may not be included)
5. Table of contents
6. Preface
7. Text of contents of the book
8. Index
Conservation issues
In the early-19th century, papers made from pulp (cellulose, wood) were introduced because it was cheaper than cloth-based papers (linen or abaca). Pulp based paper made cheap novels, cheap school text books and cheap books of all kinds available to the general public. This paved the way for huge leaps in the rate of literacy in industrialised nations and eased the spread of information during the Second Industrial Revolution.
However, this pulp paper contained acid that causes a sort of slow fires that eventually destroys the paper from within. Earlier techniques for making paper used limestone rollers which neutralized the acid in the pulp. Libraries today have to consider mass deacidification of their older collections. Books printed between 1850 and 1950 are at risk; more recent books are often printed on acid-free or alkaline paper.
The proper care of books takes into account the possibility of chemical changes to the cover and text. Books are best stored in reduced lighting, definitely out of direct sunlight, at cool temperatures, and at moderate humidity. Books, especially heavy ones, need the support of surrounding volumes to maintain their shape. It is desirable for that reason to group books by size.
Collections of books
Maintaining a library used to be the privilege of princes, the wealthy, monasteries and other religious institutions, and universities. The growth of a public library system in the United States started in the late 19th century and was much helped by donations from Andrew Carnegie. This reflected classes in a society: The poor or the middle class had to access most books through a public library or by other means while the rich could afford to have a private library built in their homes.
The advent of paperback books in the 20th century led to an explosion of popular publishing. Paperback books made owning books affordable for many people. Paperback books often included works from genres that had previously been published mostly in pulp magazines. As a result of the low cost of such books and the spread of bookstores filled with them (in addition to the creation of a smaller market of extremely cheap used paperbacks) owning a private library ceased to be a status symbol for the rich.
While a small collection of books, or one to be used by a small number of people, can be stored in any way convenient to the owners, including a standard bookcase, a large or public collection requires a catalogue and some means of consulting it. Often codes or other marks have to be added to the books to speed the process of relating them to the catalogue and their correct shelf position. Where these identify a volume uniquely, they are referred to as "call numbers". In large libraries this call number is usually based on a Library classification system. The call number is placed inside the book and on the spine of the book, normally a short distance before the bottom, in accordance with institutional or national standards such as ANSI/NISO Z39.41 - 1997. This short (7 pages) standard also establishes the correct way to place information (such as the title or the name of the author) on book spines and on "shelvable" book-like objects such as containers for DVDs, video tapes and software.
In library and booksellers' catalogues, it is common to include an abbreviation such as "Crown 8vo" to indicate the paper size from which the book is made.
When rows of books are lined on a bookshelf, bookends are sometimes needed to keep them from slanting.
Keeping track of books
One of the earliest and most widely known systems of cataloguing books is the Dewey Decimal System. This system has fallen out of use in some places, mainly because of a Eurocentric bias and other difficulties applying the system to modern libraries. However, it is still used by most public libraries in America. Another popular classification system is the Library of Congress system, which is more popular in university libraries.
For the entire 20th century most librarians concerned with offering proper library services to the public (or a smaller subset such as students) worried about keeping track of the books being added yearly to the Gutenberg Galaxy. Through a global society called the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) they devised a series of tools such as the International Standard Book Description or ISBD.
Besides, each book is specified by an International Standard Book Number, or ISBN, which is unique to every edition of every book produced by participating publishers, world wide. It is managed by the ISBN Society. It has four parts. The first part is the country code, the second the publisher code, and the third the title code. The last part is a checksum or a check digit and can take values from 0–9 and X (10). The EAN Barcodes numbers for books are derived from the ISBN by prefixing 978, for Bookland and calculating a new check digit.
Many government publishers, in industrial countries as well as in developing countries, do not participate fully in the ISBN system. They often produce books which do not have ISBNs. In certain industrialized countries large classes of commercial books, such as novels, textbooks and other non-fiction books, are nearly always given ISBNs by publishers, thus giving the illusion to many customers that the ISBN is an international and complete system, with no exceptions.
Transition to digital format
The term e-book (electronic book) in the broad sense is an amount of information like a conventional book, but in digital form. It is made available through internet, CD-ROM, etc. In the popular press the term e-Book sometimes refers to a device such as the Sony Librie EBR-1000EP, which is meant to read the digital form and present it in a human readable form.
Throughout the 20th century, libraries have faced an ever-increasing rate of publishing, sometimes called an information explosion. The advent of electronic publishing and the Internet means that much new information is not printed in paper books, but is made available online through a digital library, on CD-ROM, or in the form of e-books.
On the other hand, though books are nowadays produced using a digital version of the content, for most books such a version is not available to the public (i.e. neither in the library nor on the Internet), and there is no decline in the rate of paper publishing. There is an effort, however, to convert books that are in the public domain into a digital medium for unlimited redistribution and infinite availability. The effort is spearheaded by Project Gutenberg combined with Distributed Proofreaders.
There have also been new developments in the process of publishing books. Technologies such as print on demand have made it easier for less known authors to make their work available to a larger audience.
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Florida
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Alachua Altamonte Springs Amelia Island Apalachicola Apollo Beach Apopka Arcadia Atlantic Beach Aventura Avon Park Bal Harbour Baldwin Bay Lake Boca Raton Bonita Springs Boynton Beach Bradenton Bradenton Beach Brandon Brooksville Bushnell Cape Canaveral Cape Coral Captiva Island Casselberry Celebration Chiefland Chipley Clearwater Clearwater Beach Clermont Clewiston Cocoa Cocoa Beach Coconut Grove Coral Gables Coral Springs Crestview Crystal River Cutler Ridge Cypress Gardens Dania Beach Davenport Davie Daytona Beach Daytona Beach Shores Debary Deerfield Beach Defuniak Springs Deland Delray Beach Deltona Destin Beach Dundee Dunedin East Palatka Elkton Ellenton Englewood Fern Park Fernandina Beach Fisher Island Florida City Fort Lauderdale Fort Myers Fort Myers Beach Fort Pierce Fort Walton Beach Gainesville Gulf Breeze Haines City Hallandale Heathrow Hernando Hialeah Highland Beach Hillsboro Beach Hollywood Hollywood Beach Homestead Homosassa Huntsville Hutchinson Island Indialantic Indian Rocks Beach Indian Shores Islamorada Jacksonville Jacksonville Beach Jasper Jensen Beach Juno Beach Jupiter Key Biscayne Key Largo Key West Kissimmee Lake Buena Vista Lake City Lake Mary Lake Placid Lake Wales Lake Worth Lakeland Lamont Lantana Largo Lauderdale by the Sea Leesburg Little Palm Island Live Oak Long Key Longboat Key Longwood MacClenny Madeira Beach Madison Maitland Manalapan Marathon Marco Island Marianna Mary Esther Melbourne Merritt Island Miami Miami Beach Miami Lakes Miami Springs Micanopy Midway Milton Miramar Mossy Head Mount Dora Mulberry Naples Navarre Navarre Beach Neptune Beach New Port Richey New Smyrna Beach Niceville North Bay Village North Fort Myers North Miami North Miami Beach North Palm Beach North Redington Beach North Seffner Oakland Park Ocala Ocoee Okeechobee Oldsmar Orange City Orange Park Orlando Ormond Beach Osprey Palatka Palm Bay Palm Beach Palm Beach Gardens Palm Beach Shores Palm Coast Palm Harbor Panama City Panama City Beach Pembroke Pines Pensacola Pensacola Beach Perdido Key Perry Pinellas Park Plant City Plantation Pompano Beach Ponte Vedra Beach Port Charlotte Port Richey Port St. Lucie Punta Gorda Quincy Redington Beach Riviera Beach Ruskin Safety Harbor Sanford Sanibel Island Sarasota Satellite Beach Seaside Sebastian Sebring Siesta Key Silver Springs Singer Island Spring Hill St. Augustine St. Augustine Beach St. Pete Beach St. Petersburg Starke Stuart Sugar Loaf Key Sun City Center Sunny Isles Sunrise Tallahassee Tamarac Tampa Tarpon Springs Temple Terrace The Villages The Villages Titusville Treasure Island Venice Vero Beach Vilano Beach Weeki Wachee Wesley Chapel West Melbourne West Palm Beach Weston White Springs Wildwood Winter Garden Winter Haven Winter Park Yulee Zephyrhills
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Georgia
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Albany Alpharetta Americus Athens Atlanta Augusta Brunswick Calhoun Carrollton Cartersville Clayton College Park Columbus Commerce Conyers Cordele Dalton Darien Decatur Douglas Douglasville Dublin Duluth Forsyth Gainesville Griffin Helen Hinesville Jekyll Island Jonesboro Kennesaw Kingsland LaGrange Lake Lanier Islands Lake Park Lawrenceville Lithia Springs Macon Marietta McDonough Milledgeville Morrow Newnan Norcross Peachtree City Perry Pooler Port Wentworth Richmond Hill Rome Roswell Savannah Savannah Beach Smyrna St. Marys St. Simons Island Statesboro Stockbridge Stone Mountain Thomasville Thomson Tifton Toccoa Tybee Island Union City Valdosta Warm Springs Warner Robbins Waycross
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Hawaii
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Aiea Hana HI Hilo Honokowai Honolulu Kaanapali Kahana Kahuku Kahului Kailua-Kona Kamuela Kapaa Kapalua Kapolei Kauai Kaunakakai Kihei Kohala Coast Koloa Kona Lahaina Laie Lanai Lanai City Lihue Maalaea Makaha Beach Maui Mauna Loa Molokai Napili Oahu Poipu Beach Princeville Volcano Village Waikoloa Wailea Wailua Waimea
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Idoha
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Ammon Ashton Blackfoot Boise Bonners Ferry Burley Caldwell Coeur d'Alene Davenport Driggs Grangeville Idaho Falls Jerome Ketchum Lewiston McCall Meridian Montpelier Moscow Mountain Home Nampa Pierce Pocatello Post Falls Rexburg Rigby Riggins Salmon Sandpoint St. Anthony Sun Valley Swan Lake Twin Falls Wallace White Bird
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Illinois
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Addison Algonquin Alsip Altamont Alton Anna Antioch Arcola Arlington Heights Atlanta Aurora Bannockburn Barrington Beardstown Bedford Park Belleville Benton Bloomingdale Bloomington Bolingbrook Bourbonnais Bradley Bridgeview Buffalo Grove Burbank Burr Ridge Cahokia Cairo Calumet City Calumet Park Carbondale Carlinville Carlyle Carol Stream Casey Caseyville Champaign Charleston Chenoa Chester Chicago Chillicothe Collinsville Countryside Crestwood Crystal Lake Danville Darien Decatur Deerfield DeKalb Des Plaines Dix Dixon Downers Grove Du Quoin East Hazel Crest East Moline East Peoria East St. Louis Edwardsville Effingham El Paso Elgin Elk Grove Village Elmhurst Evanston Fairview Heights Farmer City Findlay Flora Forsyth Franklin Park Freeport Galena Galesburg Geneseo Geneva Glen Ellyn Glendale Heights Glenview Grayville Greenville Gurnee Hanover Park Harrisburg Harvard Harvey Highland Park Hillside Hoffman Estates Homewood Itasca Jacksonville Jerseyville Joliet Kankakee Lake Bluff Lansing Lebanon LeRoy Libertyville Lincoln Lincolnshire Lincolnwood Lisle Litchfield Lombard Macomb Manteno Marion Markham Marshall Maryville Matteson Mattoon McHenry McLean Melrose Park Mendota Metropolis Mokena Moline Monee Monmouth Monticello Morris Morton Morton Grove Mount Carmel Mount Prospect Mount Vernon Mundelein Naperville Nashville Niles Normal North Aurora North Chicago Northbrook Northlake Oak Brook Oak Forest Oak Lawn Oak Park Oakbrook Terrace Oakland O'Fallon Oglesby Okawville Orland Park Oswego Ottawa Palatine Pekin Peoria Peru Pontiac Pontoon Beach Princeton Prospect Heights Quincy Rantoul Richmond River Grove Riverwoods Robinson Rochelle Rock Falls Rock Island Rockford Rolling Meadows Romeoville Rosemont Salem Sandwich Savanna Savoy Schaumburg Schiller Park Sheffield Skokie South Beliot South Holland South Jacksonville Sparta Springfield St. Charles Staunton Streator Sycamore Taylorville Thomson Tinley Park Troy Tuscola Ullin Urbana Vandalia Vernon Hills Vienna Wadsworth Warrenville Washington Waukegan Wenona West Dundee Westchester Westmont Wheeling Willowbrook Wood Dale Woodstock Yorkville
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Indiana
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Anderson Angola Auburn Avon Batesville Bedford Bloomington Bluffton Brazil Brownsburg Carefree Carmel Castleton Chesterton Clarksville Cloverdale College Park Columbia City Columbus Corydon Crawfordsville Dale Decatur Edinburgh Elizabeth Elkhart Evansville Fishers Fort Wayne Frankfort Franklin Fremont French Lick Gary Goshen Granger Greenfield Greensburg Greenwood Hammond Haubstadt Hebron Hobart Howe Huntingburg Huntington Indiana Indianapolis Jasper Jeffersonville Kendallville Kentland Knox Kokomo Lafayette LaPorte Lawrenceburg Lebanon Logansport Madison Marion Markle Martinsville Merrillville Michigan City Mishawaka Monticello Mount Vernon Muncie Nashville New Albany New Castle New Haven Noblesville North Vernon Peru Plainfield Plymouth Portage Porter Portland Princeton Remington Rensselaer Richmond Rising Sun Rochester Rushville Schererville Scottsburg Sellersburg Seymour Shelbyville Shipshewana South Bend Sullivan Taylorsville Tell City Terre Haute Valparaiso Vincennes Wabash Warren Warsaw Washington West Lafayette Westfield
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Iowa
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Adair Algona Altoona Amana Ames Ankeny Atlantic Bettendorf Boone Brooklyn Burlington Carroll Carter Lake Cedar Falls Cedar Rapids Centerville Charles City Cherokee Clarinda Clear Lake Clinton Clive Coralville Council Bluffs Cresco Creston Davenport Decorah Denison Des Moines Dubuque Dyersville Eldridge Elk Horn Emmetsburg Estherville Evansdale Fairfield Forest City Fort Dodge Fort Madison Grimes Grinnell Grundy Center Humboldt Iowa Iowa City Iowa Falls Jefferson Johnston Keokuk Le Claire Le Mars Manchester Marion Marshalltown Mason City Missouri Valley Mount Pleasant Muscatine Nevada New Hampton Newton Oelwein Okoboji Onawa Orange City Osage Osceola Oskaloosa Ottumwa Pella Peosta Red Oak Sergeant Bluff Shenandoah Sioux Center Sioux City Spencer Spirit Lake Storm Lake Story City Stuart Toledo Underwood Urbana Urbandale Walcott Walnut Washington Waterloo Waverly West Des Moines West Liberty West Union Williams Williamsburg Winterset
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Kansas
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Abilene Alma Arkadelphia Arkansas City Atchison Bald Knob Batesville Bella Vista Belleville Beloit Benton Bentonville Blytheville Bonner Springs Brinkley Bryant Cabot Camden Carlisle Chanute Clarksville Clinton Colby Columbus Concordia Conway De Soto DeQueen Dodge City Dumas El Dorado El Dorado Ellsworth Emporia Eureka Springs Fairfield Bay Fayetteville Forrest City Fort Scott Fort Smith Garden City Goodland Great Bend Greensburg Gurdon Hardy Harrison Hays Hazen Holton Hope Hot Springs Hutchinson Independence Iola Jacksonville Johnson Jonesboro Junction City Kansas City Kansas City Lake Village Lansing Larned Lawrence Leavenworth Lenexa Liberal Little Rock Lonoke Magnolia Malvern Manhattan Marion Marysville Maumelle Mayetta McGehee McPherson Merriam Monticello Morrilton Mountain Home Mountain View Newport Newton North Kansas City North Little Rock Oakley Olathe Osceola Ottawa Overland Park Ozark Paragould Park City Parsons Pine Bluff Pittsburg Pocahontas Pratt Prescott Rogers Russell Russellville Salina Searcy Sharon Springs Shawnee Siloam Springs South Hutchinson Springdale Stuttgart Texarkana Topeka Ulysses Van Buren Wakeeney Warren Wellington West Helena West Memphis Wheatley White Hall Wichita Winfield
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Kentucky
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Albany Ashland Barbourville Bardstown Beaver Dam Benton Berea Bowling Green Brooks Cadiz Calvert City Campbellsville Carrollton Catlettsburg Cave City Central City Columbia Corbin Covington Danville Dry Ridge Eddyville Elizabethtown Erlanger Florence Fort Campbell Fort Knox Fort Mitchell Fort Wright Frankfort Franklin Georgetown Gilbertsville Glasgow Goody Grand Rivers Grayson Harlan Harrodsburg Hazard Hebron Henderson Hopkinsville Horse Cave Irvine Jeffersontown Kuttawa La Grange Lebanon Leitchfield Lewisport Lexington London Louisa Louisville Madisonville Manchester Mayfield Maysville Middlesboro Monticello Morehead Mount Sterling Mount Vernon Murray Newport Nicholasville Oak Grove Owensboro Paducah Paintsville Park City Pikeville Prestonsburg Radcliff Renfro Valley Richmond Richwood Russellville Shelbyville Shepherdsville Somerset Springfield Walton Whitley City Williamsburg Williamstown Winchester
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Lousiana
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Abita Springs Alexandria Amite Arcadia Baker Bastrop Baton Rouge Bossier City Breaux Bridge Bunkie Chalmette Covington Crowley Delhi Denham Springs DeRidder Donaldsonville Duson Eunice Folsom Franklin Gonzales Gray Gretna Hammond Harahan Harvey Houma Iowa Jennings Kenner Kinder Lafayette Lake Charles LaPlace Leesville Livonia Luling Metairie Minden Monroe Morgan City Natchitoches New Iberia New Orleans Opelousas Pineville Port Allen Rayne Rayville Ruston Scott Shreveport Slidell St. Francisville Sulphur Tallulah Thibodaux Ville Platte West Monroe Winnfield Winnsboro
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Maine
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Augusta Bangor Bar Harbor Bath Belfast Bethel Blue Hill Brewer Bridgton Brunswick Bucksport Camden Ellsworth Freeport Glen Clove Houlton Kennebunk Kennebunkport Kingfield Kittery Lewiston Millinocket Newry Old Orchard Beach Orono Paris Portland Rockport Saco Sanford Scarborough South Paris South Portland Southport Southwest Harbor Trenton Waterville Westbrook
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Maryland
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Aberdeen Adelphi Annapolis Annapolis Junction Baltimore Belcamp Beltsville Bethesda Bowie Brooklyn California Cambridge Camp Springs Capitol Heights Catonsville Chestertown Cheverly Chevy Chase Clinton Cockeysville College Park Columbia Crisfield Cumberland Easton Edgartown Edgewood Elkridge Elkton Ellicott City Emmitsburg Fort Detrick Fort Meade Frederick Frostburg Gaithersburg Germantown Glen Burnie Grantsville Grasonville Greenbelt Hagerstown Hancock Hanover Havre de Grace Hunt Valley Jessup La Plata Landover Landover Hills Langley Park Lanham Largo Laurel LaVale Lexington Park Linthicum Maryland Heights McHenry New Carrollton North East Ocean City Owings Mills Oxon Hill Pasadena Perryville Pikesville Pocomoke City Prince Frederick Princess Anne Ridge Rockville Salisbury Silver Spring Solomons St. Michaels Stevensville Thurmont Timonium Towson Waldorf Westminster Williamsport
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Massachusetts
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Amesbury Andover Arlington Attleboro Auburn Bass River Bedford Billerica Boston Bourne Boxborough Braintree Brewster Brockton Brookline Burlington Cambridge Centerville Chatham Chelmsford Chelsea Chesterfield Chicopee Cohasset Concord Danvers Dedham Dennisport East Falmouth East Orleans Eastham Edgartown Fairhaven Fall River Falmouth Fitchburg Foxboro Framingham Franklin Gardner Gloucester Great Barrington Greenfield Hadley Harwich Port Hatfield Haverhill Holyoke Hull Hyannis Lawrence Lee Lenox Leominster Lexington Lowell Malden Mansfield Marblehead Marlborough Marshfield Mashpee Medford Methuen Middleboro Milford Nantucket Natick Needham New Ashford New Bedford Newton North Adams North Attleboro North Chelmsford North Dartmouth North Falmouth Northampton Northborough Northfield Norwood Oak Bluffs Peabody Pittsfield Plymouth Provincetown Quincy Randolph Raynham Revere Richmond Rockland Rockport Salem Sandwich Saugus Seekonk Sharon Shrewsbury Somerset Somerville South Deerfield South Egremont South Yarmouth Southborough Southbridge Springfield Stockbridge Stoughton Sturbridge Sudbury Sutton Swampscott Taunton Tewksbury Tyngsboro Vineyard Haven Wakefield Waltham Watertown Wellesley West Dennis West Springfield West Yarmouth Westborough Westford Westport Weymouth Williamstown Woburn Worcester Yarmouthport
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Michigan
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Acme Adrian Albion Allen Park Alma Alpena Ann Arbor Au Gres Auburn Auburn Hills Augusta Bad Axe Baraga Battle Creek Bay City Bay Harbor Belleville Benton Harbor Big Rapids Birch Run Birmingham Bloomfield Hills Boyne Falls Bridgeport Brighton Brooklyn Burton Cadillac Calumet Canton Cascade Charlevoix Charlotte Cheboygan Chelsea Clare Clawson Coldwater Coopersville Davison Dearborn Detroit Dewitt Douglas Dowagiac Dundee East Lansing East Tawas Edmore Escanaba Evart Farmington Hills Fenton Flat Rock Flint Fowlerville Frankenmuth Gaylord Grand Blanc Grand Haven Grand Rapids Grandville Grayling Hancock Harbor Springs Hart Hartland Hillsdale Holland Houghton Houghton Lake Howell Hudsonville Imlay City Indian River Ionia Iron Mountain Iron River Ironwood Ishpeming Jackson Jonesville Kalamazoo Kalkaska Kentwood Lake Orion Lansing Lapeer Livonia Ludington Mackinaw City Madison Heights Manistee Manistique Marquette Marshall Marysville Mendon Menominee Michigan City Midland Milan Monroe Mount Clemens Mount Pleasant Munising Muskegon New Buffalo Newberry Niles Northville Norway Novi Okemos Oscoda Paradise Paw Paw Pellston Petoskey Plainwell Plymouth Pontiac Port Huron Portage Portland Rochester Hills Romeo Romulus Roseville Royal Oak Saginaw Saugatuck Sault Ste. Marie Sawyer South Haven Southfield Southgate Spring Lake St. Ignace St. Joseph Sterling Heights Stevensville Sturgis Tawas City Taylor Thompsonville Three Rivers Traverse City Troy Utica Walker Warren Waterford West Branch Wetmore Whitehall Whitmore Lake Williamsburg Wixom Woodhaven Wyoming Ypsilanti
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Minnesota
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Albany Albert Lea Alexandria Apple Valley Arden Hills Austin Avon Baudette Baxter Becker Belle Plaine Bemidji Benson Blaine Bloomington Blue Earth Brainerd Breckenridge Breezy Point Brooklyn Center Brooklyn Park Buffalo Burnsville Caledonia Cambridge Cannon Falls Carlton Chanhassen Chaska Cloquet Coon Rapids Crookston Deerwood Detroit Lakes Duluth Eagan Eden Prairie Edina Elk River Eveleth Fairmont Faribault Fergus Falls Finlayson Forest Lake Fosston Fridley Glencoe Grand Marais Grand Rapids Hallock Ham Lake Hastings Hibbing Hinckley Hoyt Lakes Hutchinson International Falls Inver Grove Heights Jackson Lakeville Litchfield Little Falls Long Lake Lutsen Luverne Mankato Maple Grove Maplewood Marshall Mendota Heights Milaca Minneapolis Minnetonka Montevideo Montgomery Monticello Moorhead Moose Lake Mora Morris Mounds View Mountain Iron New Prague New Ulm Nisswa North Branch Northfield Oak Park Heights Oakdale Onamia Orr Ortonville Owatonna Park Rapids Paynesville Pequot Lakes Perham Pine River Pipestone Plymouth Preston Princeton Prior Lake Proctor Ramsey Red Wing Redwood Falls Richfield Rochester Rogers Roseau Roseville Sauk Centre Sauk Rapids Savage Shakopee Shoreview Sleepy Eye South St. Paul Spring Valley St. Cloud St. James St. Louis Park St. Paul St. Peter Staples Stewartville Stillwater Thief River Falls Tofte Tower Two Harbors Virginia Wabasha Wadena Walker Warroad Waseca White Bear Lake Willmar Windom Winona Woodbury Worthington Zumbrota
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Mississippi
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Aberdeen Batesville Bay St. Louis Biloxi Booneville Brandon Brookhaven Canton Carthage Clarksdale Cleveland Clinton Collins Columbia Columbus Corinth Diamondhead D'Iberville Ellisville Forest Fulton Gautier Greenville Greenwood Grenada Gulfport Hattiesburg Hazelhurst Hernando Holly Springs Horn Lake Indianola Jackson Kosciusko Laurel Long Beach Louisville Madison Magee McComb Meridian Moss Point Natchez New Albany Newton Ocean Springs Olive Branch Oxford Pascagoula Pearl Philadelphia Picayune Pontotoc Richland Ridgeland Robinsonville Sardis Senatobia Southaven Starkville Tunica Tupelo Vicksburg Waveland West Point Wiggins Yazoo City
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Missouri
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Arnold Belton Bethany Blue Springs Bolivar Bonne Terre Boonville Branson Branson West Bridgeton Brookfield Buffalo Butler Camdenton Cameron Cape Girardeau Carthage Caruthersville Cassville Charleston Chesterfield Chillicothe Clayton Clinton Columbia Concordia Creve Coeur Cuba Dexter Doniphan Earth City Eureka Excelsior Springs Farmington Fenton Festus Florissant Foristell Fulton Grain Valley Grandview Hannibal Harrisonville Hayti Hazelwood Helena Higginsville Holts Summit Independence Jackson Jefferson City Joplin Kansas City Kearney Kennett Kingdom City Kirksville Lake Ozark Lake St. Louis Lamar Lebanon Lee's Summit Liberty Macon Marshall Marshfield Maryland Heights Maryville Mexico Missouri Valley Moberly Monett Mount Vernon Mountain Grove Neosho New Florence North Kansas City Oak Grove Osage Beach Ozark Pacific Peculiar Perryville Pevely Platte City Pony Poplar Bluff Potosi Riverside Rock Port Rolla Sedalia Sikeston Smithville Springfield St. Charles St. James St. Joseph St. Louis St. Peters St. Robert Ste. Genevieve Strafford Sullivan Sweet Springs Troy Villa Ridge Warrensburg Warrenton Warsaw Washington Waynesville Wentzville West Plains
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Montana
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Alberton Belgrade Big Sky Billings Bozeman Butte Choteau Colstrip Columbia Falls Cut Bank Darby Dillon Ennis Essex Forsyth Gardiner Glendive Great Falls Hamilton Havre Helena Kalispell Laurel Lewistown Libby Livingston Lolo Miles City Missoula Montana City Polson Red Lodge Roundup Shelby St. Regis West Yellowstone White Sulphur Springs Whitefish Wibaux
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Nebraska
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Ainsworth Alliance Beatrice Bellevue Blair Broken Bow Central City Chadron Columbus Cozad Crete Fremont Grand Island Gretna Hastings Holdrege Honeoye Huskisson Imperial Kearney Kimball Lexington Lincoln McCook Morrill Nebraska City Norfolk North Platte Ogallala Omaha O'Neill Paxton Scottsbluff Seward Sidney South Sioux City St. Paul Syracuse Tecumseh Thedford Valentine Wahoo Wayne York
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Nevada
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Battle Mountain Boulder City Carlin Carson City Crystal Bay Elko Ely Eureka Fallon Fernley Hawthorne Henderson Incline Village Jean Lake Tahoe Las Vegas Laughlin Lovelock Minden Nevada Nevada City North Las Vegas Overton Pahrump Primm Reno Sparks Stateline Tonopah Verdi Wells Wendover Williamstown Winnemucca
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New Hampshire
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Ashland Bedford Bethlehem Bow Campton Concord Dover Durham Exeter Gorham Hampton Hudson Jackson Keene Lebanon Lincoln Littleton Londonderry Manchester Merrimack Mount Sunapee Nashua North Conway Plymouth Portsmouth Salem Seabrook Tamworth Tilton
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New Jersey
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Absecon Asbury Park Atlantic City Avenel Basking Ridge Bellmawr Berlin Blackwood Bordentown Bridgeton Bridgewater Brigantine Brooklawn Budd Lake Buena Cape May Cardiff Carlstadt Carneys Point Carteret Cherry Hill Cinnaminson Clark Clifton Clinton Columbia Cookstown Cranbury Cranford Denville Deptford East Brunswick East Hanover East Rutherford East Windsor Eatontown Edgewater Edison Egg Harbor Township Elizabeth Fair Lawn Fairfield Farmingdale Flemington Florham Park Fort Lee Franklin Freehold Gibbstown Gloucester City Hackensack Hammonton Hasbrouck Heights Hazlet Hillsborough Hoboken Iselin Jamesburg Jersey City Lakewood Lawrenceville Ledgewood Livingston Long Branch Lyndhurst Mahwah Maple Shade Marmora McAfee McGuire Air Force Base Middletown Millville Monmouth Junction Montvale Morris Plains Morristown Mount Arlington Mount Holly Mount Laurel Mount Olive Neptune New Brunswick New Providence Newark North Bergen North Brunswick North Plainfield Ocean City Paramus Park Ridge Parsippany Pemberton Pennsgrove Pennsville Phillipsburg Piscataway Plainsboro Pleasantville Princeton Ramsey Raritan Red Bank Ridgefield Park Rochelle Park Rockaway Runnemede Rutherford Saddle Brook Secaucus Short Hills Somers Point Somerset South Brunswick South Plainfield Springfield Stanhope Summit Swedesboro Teaneck Tenafly Thorofare Tinton Falls Toms River Totowa Trenton Union Union City Ventor City Vineland Voorhees Wall Warren Wayne Weehawken West Atlantic City West Orange Westampton Westfield Whippany Wildwood Woodbridge Woodcliff Lake Wrightstown
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New Mexico
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Alamogordo Albuquerque Algadones Alto Angel Fire Artesia Aztec Belen Bernalillo Carlsbad Chimayo Chinle Clayton Cloudcroft Clovis Corrales Deming Dulce Elephant Butte Espanola Farmington Galisteo Gallup Grants Hobbs Las Cruces Las Vegas Lordsburg Los Alamos Los Lunas Moriarty Portales Raton Red River Rio Rancho Roswell Ruidoso Ruidoso Downs San Juan Pueblo & |